Hofmann Elimination
Definition: What is Hofmann elimination?
The Hofmann elimination is an elimination reaction used to synthesize alkenes by eliminating parts of an amine having β-hydrogen. When alkyl amines react with methyl halide, it forms an alkylammonium salt. The salt is treated with silver oxide or a strong base (e.g., silver hydroxide) to produce an alkene. With asymmetrical amines, the most favored alkene product is the one that is least substituted. This rule is known as the Hofmann rule [1-4].
Hofmann Elimination
Example of Hofmann Elimination [1]
Hofmann Elimination Example
Mechanism of Hofmann Elimination [3-7]
Hofmann Elimination Mechanism
FAQs
Q.1.How does Saytzeff rule (or Zaitsev’s rule) differ from Hofmann rule?
Ans. Unlike Hofmann rule, Sayzeff rule follows the principle that the original alkene product is the one that is highly substituted and the most stable.
Q.2. Can cyclic amines undergo Hofmann elimination?
Ans. Although rare, cyclic amine having b-hydrogen (e.g., pyrrolidines and piperidines) may undergo Hofmann elimination.
Q.3. Does Hofmann elimination take place in the body?
Ans. Yes. Non-depolarizing muscle relaxants like atracurium and cisatracuriumbesilate (Nimbex©) are removed from the body through Hofmann elimination.
- References
- Definition – Chem.libretexts.org
- Definition – Chem.ucalgary.ca
- Definition and mechanism – Name-reaction.com
- Definition and mechanism – Byjus.com
- Mechanism – Chem.libretexts.org
- Mechanism – Organic-chemistry.org
- Mechanism –Ochempal.org
