What is a Friedel-Crafts Acylation The Friedel-Crafts acylation, also called Friedel-Crafts alkanoylation, is a process that involves the addition of an acyl group to an aromatic compound (benzene), with acyl halide (RCOCl) and aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) being the typical acylating agent and Lewis acid catalyst respectively [1]. Acyl anhydrides can also be used as an… Continue reading Friedel-Crafts Acylation
Author: Joydeep Ghosh
Ammonium Bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonate, commonly as baking soda, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, and powdered baking ammonia, is a colorless inorganic compound represented by the chemical formula (NH4)HCO3 or CH5NO3 [1, 2]. In IUPAC nomenclature, it is named azanium hydrogen carbonate [1]. It decomposes readily into water, ammonia, and carbon dioxide [3].
Iron(III) Sulfide
Iron(iii) sulfide also called ferric sulfide or iron sesquisulfide is one of the members of iron(3+) sulfides with IUPAC name iron(3+) trisulfide and chemical formula Fe2S3 [1, 2]. It is a relatively unstable artificial black solid that decomposes and turns into a yellow-green powder at room temperature [2].
Sodium Bromate
Sodium bromate, also called sodium salt of bromic acid, is an inorganic compound of sodium, bromine, and oxygen represented by the chemical formula NaBrO3 [1]. It is a strong oxidizing agent that may explode through prolonged exposure to fire or heat [1].
Calcium Nitrate
Calcium Nitrate, commonly called lime nitrate or Norwegian saltpeter, is a simple inorganic salt of calcium, nitrogen, and oxygen represented by the chemical formula Ca(NO3)2 or CaN2O6 [1, 2]. It occurs either as an anhydrous compound that can absorb moisture from the atmosphere or as a tetrahydrate with water molecules [3]. In IUPAC nomenclature, it… Continue reading Calcium Nitrate
Beryllium Chloride
Beryllium chloride, also known as beryllium dichloride in IUPAC nomenclature, is an inorganic compound of beryllium and chloride represented by the chemical formula BeCl2 [1]. It can attract and hold water from the surrounding environment (hygroscopic compound) and dissolves well in several polar solvents [2].
Ammonium Fluoride
Ammonium fluoride is a crystalline, noncombustible inorganic compound represented by the chemical formula NH4F or FH4N [1, 2]. It is a fluoride salt with ammonium as the counterion and is corrosive to cement, glass, and most metals, including aluminum [1, 2]. Ammonium Fluoride Identification CAS Number 12125-01-8 [1] PubChem CID 25516 [1] ChemSpider ID 23806… Continue reading Ammonium Fluoride
Chromium (III) Oxide
Chromium (iii) oxide, commonly called chromia and referred to as oxo(oxochromiooxy)chromium in IUPAC nomenclature, is an inorganic compound containing chromium and oxygen represented by the chemical formula Cr2O3 [1]. It naturally occurs as the mineral eskolaite and is a highly insoluble compound with high thermal stability, having the properties of both an acid and a… Continue reading Chromium (III) Oxide
Beryllium Hydroxide
Beryllium hydroxide, also known as hydrated beryllia and beryllium dihydroxide, is a metal hydroxide that has amphoteric properties (behaves both as an acid and base) and chemically represented by Be(OH)2 [1, 2]. The pure beryllium hydroxide occurs naturally as the rare, orthorhombic mineral behoite, and very rare monoclinic clinobehoite [3].
Potassium Fluoride
Potassium fluoride, represented by the chemical formula KF, is an inorganic compound comprising an alkali metal potassium and monoatomic anion fluoride [1]. It exists in its solid state or aqueous solution form, with the mineral carobbiite being the naturally occurring KF [1]. It also exists in other compounds like potassium fluoride dihydrate (KFH4O2) and potassium… Continue reading Potassium Fluoride
Magnesium Bicarbonate
Magnesium bicarbonate, also known by its IUPAC name magnesium hydrogen carbonate, is a salt containing bicarbonate anion and magnesium cation represented by the formula C2H2MgO6 or Mg(HCO3)2 [1]. Since magnesium bicarbonate is unstable in a solid state, it exists in a dilute aqueous solution [2].
Potassium Hydride
Potassium hydride is an inorganic alkali metal hydride of potassium and hydrogen represented by the chemical formula KH [1]. Since it is an extremely reactive compound, it is commercially available as a suspension of small particles in paraffin wax or mineral oil for easier dispensing [2].
Lithium Hydride
Lithium hydride, represented by the chemical formula LiH, is a crystalline or powdery inorganic compound [1]. The alkali metal hydride has a molecular mass less than 8 and is the lightest ionic compound [1, 2].
Aluminum Bromide
Aluminum bromide, also known by its common name aluminum tribromide and IUPAC name tribromoalumane, is a hygroscopic compound represented by the chemical formula AlBr3 [1, 4]. Its dimeric form (Al2Br6) exists mainly in the solid phase [2].
Aluminum Sulfide
Aluminum sulfide, also called dialuminium trisulfide, is an ionic compound of aluminum and sulfur represented by the chemical formula Al2S3 [1, 2]. It exists in different crystalline forms and hydrolyzes to aluminum hydroxide/oxide [3, 4].
Calcium Nitride
Calcium nitride, referred to as calcium azanidylidenecalcium in IUPAC nomenclature, is an inorganic compound with constituent elements calcium and nitrogen and represented by the chemical formula Ca3N2 [1]. It has different isomorphous forms, out of which α-calcium nitride is commonly found [2].
Lithium Iodide
Lithium iodide, represented by the chemical formula LiI, is an inorganic compound with constituent elements lithium and iodine [1]. It can be easily identified because exposure to air changes its color from white to yellow due to the formation of iodine by oxidation of iodide [2]. LiI can exist in different hydrate forms, including monohydrate,… Continue reading Lithium Iodide
Aluminum Nitride
Aluminum nitride, referred to as azanylidynealumane in IUPAC nomenclature, is an inorganic compound of aluminum and nitrogen represented by the chemical formula AlN [1]. It is not a naturally-occurring compound and has to be artificially synthesized [2]. It is characterized by high thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity, as well as an excellent corrosion resistance [2].
Beryllium Oxide
Beryllium oxide, also known by its chemical name Beryllia and IUPAC name Oxoberyllium is an odorless inorganic compound represented by the formula BeO [1, 2]. It naturally occurs as a rare whitish mineral bromellite [1]. Being one of the most chemically stable oxides, BeO can resist liquid metal attack and carbon reduction at high temperatures… Continue reading Beryllium Oxide
Ferric Oxide
Ferric oxide, also called by its IUPAC name iron Trihydrate or iron(III) oxide, is an inorganic compound represented by the chemical formula Fe2O3 or Fe2H6O3 [1, 2]. It is one of the most important oxides of iron, the other two being ferrosoferric oxide (Fe3O4) and ferrous oxide (FeO) respectively [3, 4]. It naturally occurs as… Continue reading Ferric Oxide
Strontium Iodide
Strontium iodide, also called strontium diiodide, is a salt containing strontium and iodine [1, 2]. Being a water-soluble, deliquescent compound, it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and becomes physically changed slightly [2]. It produces strontium oxide and iodine when heated at high temperatures in the presence of air [2].
Billon
What is Billon Billon is a silver-colored alloy containing a precious metal, usually silver or mercury, along with a base metal like copper [1, 2]. Its name is derived from the French word ‘bille’ that means ‘log’ [2]. It was a popular metal alloy used during the ancient times and throughout the Middle Ages in… Continue reading Billon
Gunmetal
What is Gunmetal (Red Brass) Gunmetal, occasionally called ‘red brass’ in the US, is an alloy made from copper, zinc, and tin [1, 2]. Aside from its basic constituents, modified forms may have nickel and lead, which are classified as ‘nickel gunmetal’ and ‘leaded gunmetal’ [2]. Because of good strength, corrosion resistance, and ease of… Continue reading Gunmetal
Americium
What is Americium Americium (pronunciation: am-er-ISH-ee-em) is a shiny, silvery, synthetic element belonging to the actinide series and is represented by the chemical symbol Am [1, 2, 3]. Since it is artificially created, it does not have any known stable isotopes [4]. However, it has nineteen radioisotopes, out of which the most stable are 243Am… Continue reading Americium
Titanium
What is Titanium Titanium (pronunciation: ti-TAY-nee-em) is a hard, shiny, strong, and lightweight element classified as a transition metal and represented by the chemical symbol Ti [1, 2, 3]. As compared to the other ferromagnetic elements, titanium is a weakly magnetic metal that shows its magnetic characteristics in the presence of external magnetic fields [4].
Sulfur
What is Sulfur Sulfur (pronunciation: SUL-fer) is a yellowish powdery or crystalline element belonging to the family of Chalcogen and nonmetals in the periodic table and is represented by the chemical symbol S [1, 2, 3]. Although pure sulfur is odorless, the bad smell linked with the element comes from some of its compounds, including… Continue reading Sulfur
Phosphorus
What is Phosphorus Phosphorus (pronunciation: FOS-fer-es) is a highly-reactive element classified as a non-metal represented by the chemical symbol P [1, 2, 3]. It mainly exists in its two allotropic forms, including the waxy, white solid and the non-crystalline, solid red that is obtained by heating white phosphorus [3, 4, 5].
Mercury
What is Mercury Mercury (pronunciation: MER-kyoo-ree) is a heavy, silvery element belonging to the family of transition metals in the periodic table and represented by the chemical symbol Hg [1, 2, 3]. It is the only metal that exists in its liquid form at standard temperature and pressure conditions [4].
Helium
What is Helium Helium (pronunciation: HEE-lee-em) is a colorless, odorless element classified as a non-metal, belonging to the group of inert gases in the periodic table and is represented by the chemical symbol He [1, 2, 3]. It is a monoatomic gas that forms weak diatomic molecules only at temperatures close to -273.15 °C or… Continue reading Helium
Oxygen
What is Oxygen Oxygen (pronunciation: OK-si-jen) is a colorless element that belongs to the group of Chalcogens in the periodic table, and it is represented by the chemical symbol O [1, 2, 3]. A highly reactive non-metal, it can easily form oxides with most of the other elements and their compounds [3]. At room temperature,… Continue reading Oxygen
Argon
What is Argon Argon (pronunciation: AR-gon) is a colorless, odorless, inert element belonging to the group of inert gases in the periodic table and is represented by the chemical symbol Ar [1, 2, 3]. Although it was once considered to be completely unreactive, it is now known to form a compound argon fluorohydride (HArF) during… Continue reading Argon
Chromium
What is Chromium Chromium (pronunciation: KROH-mee-em) is a brittle, lustrous, silvery element belonging to the group of transition metals in the periodic table, and it is represented by the chemical symbol Cr [1, 2, 3]. It is highly valued for its hardness and corrosion resistance [4].
Cobalt
What is Cobalt Cobalt (pronunciation: KO-bolt) is a hard, lustrous silvery-blue element belonging to the group of transition metals, and it is represented by the chemical symbol Co [1, 2, 3]. It is chemically active and can form many compounds [4]. It is a ferromagnetic metal that can be magnetized and is alloyed with nickel… Continue reading Cobalt
Antimony
What is Antimony Antimony (pronunciation: AN-te-MOH-nee) is a lustrous metallic element that belongs to the family of metalloids and is represented by the chemical symbol Sb [1, 2, 3]. There are two stable isotopes of antimony, including 121Sb and 123Sb with a natural abundance of 57.21% and 42.79% respectively [4]. It also has 35 artificially-produced… Continue reading Antimony
Tin
What is Tin Tin (pronunciation: TIN) is a soft, malleable, silvery-white element classified as a post-transition metal in the periodic table and it is represented by the chemical symbol Sn [1, 2, 3]. It is often mixed with other metals to form alloys, including pewter, solder, Britannia, and many more [4].
Zirconium
What is Zirconium Zirconium (pronunciation: zer-KO-nee-em) is a hard, silvery-gray element that belongs to the group of transition metals and is represented by the chemical symbol Zr [1, 2, 3]. It is a malleable and ductile metallic element that can readily react with other elements to form stable compounds [2].
Strontium
What is Strontium Strontium (pronunciation: STRON-she-em) is a soft, silvery element that belongs to the family of alkali earth metals and is represented by the chemical symbol Sr [1, 2]. Being chemically highly reactive, it reacts with water and burns in the air [1, 3].
Radon
What is Radon Radon (pronunciation: RAY-don) is an odorless, radioactive element that belongs to the family of noble gases and is represented by the chemical symbol Rn [1, 2]. It is colorless at room temperatures, but becomes phosphorescent when cooled below its freezing temperature and gradually turns into orange-red when the temperature is further lowered… Continue reading Radon
Xenon
What is Xenon Xenon (pronunciation: ZEE-non) is a colorless, odorless, highly unreactive element classified as a noble gas and represented by the chemical symbol Xe [1, 2]. It is denser and heavier than most of the other noble gases and can be synthesized into xenon hexafluoroplatinate, the first noble gas compound [3]. Despite being inert,… Continue reading Xenon
Germanium
What is Germanium Germanium (pronunciation: jer-MAY-ni-em) is a shiny, silvery element classified as a metalloid and represented by the chemical symbol Ge [1, 2]. As a relatively inactive element, germanium does not react with oxygen at 20°C and is insoluble in water but its compound, germanium dioxide, is slightly soluble in water [3].
Vanadium
What is Vanadium Vanadium (pronunciation: veh-NAY-dee-em) is a medium-hard, silvery element belonging to the family of transition metals represented by the chemical symbol V [1, 2]. Because of its malleability, ductility, and corrosion-resistant properties, vanadium is increasingly used in the manufacturing industry [2].
Molybdenum
.What is Molybdenum Molybdenum (pronunciation: meh-LIB-deh-nem) is a shiny, silvery element belonging to the family of transition metals and is represented by the chemical symbol Mo [1, 2, 3] . A ductile metal with high corrosion resistance, molybdenum reacts easily with other elements to form compounds [2].
Holmium
What is Holmium Holmium (pronunciation: HOHL-mee-em) is a silvery metal belonging to the group of lanthanides and represented by the chemical symbol Ho [1, 2]. It has one stable naturally occurring isotope, 165Ho, with a natural abundance of 100% while its most stable radioisotope, 163Ho has a half-life period of 4,570 years [3].
Cerium
What is Cerium Cerium (pronunciation: SER-ee-em) is a soft, grayish metal that belongs to the group of lanthanides and is represented by the chemical symbol Ce [1, 2]. Its naturally-occurring isotopes include Cerium-136, Cerium-138, Cerium-140, and Cerium-142, out of which Cerium-140 is the most abundant (with 88.48% natural abundance) [3]. Among the 35 known radioisotopes… Continue reading Cerium
Lanthanum
What is Lanthanum Lanthanum (pronunciation: LAN-the-nem) [3] is a soft, silvery rare-earth metal belonging to the lanthanoids family and represented by the chemical symbol La [1, 2]. Its main isotopes include the most abundant 139La (with 99.91% natural abundance) and the most stable 138La, the radioactive isotope with a half-life period of 1.06 X 1026… Continue reading Lanthanum
Tellurium
What is Tellurium Tellurium (pronunciation: te-LEWR-ee-em) is a silvery, powdery metalloid and Chalcogen represented by the chemical symbol Te [1, 2]. Because of its brittle nature, crystalline tellurium can be easily pulverized [2]. As of now, 38 isotopes are known out of which eight isotopes occur naturally on Earth [3].
Ytterbium
What is Ytterbium Ytterbium (pronunciation: i-TUR-bee-em) [2] is a malleable, ductile, bright silvery metal [3] that belongs to the group of lanthanides and is represented by the chemical symbol Yb [1]. It has seven stable naturally occurring isotopes, out of which 174Yb has the greatest natural abundance (32.03%), while 176Yb is the most long-lived with… Continue reading Ytterbium
Lutetium
What is Lutetium Lutetium (pronounced as loo-TEE-shee-em) [2] is a silvery, hard, dense rare earth metal classified as a lanthanide and represented by the chemical symbol Lu [1]. It is the last chemical element belonging to the lanthanide series [3], with the most naturally abundant, stable isotope being 175Lu (97.4% abundance). Another long-lived radioactive isotope… Continue reading Lutetium
Polonium
What is Polonium Polonium (pronunciation: peh-LOW-nee-em) [3] is a rare, highly radioactive metalloid, classified as a Chalcogen [5] and represented by the chemical symbol Po [1, 2]. It has more than 25 isotopes, out of which Polonium-208, Polonium-209, and Polonium-210 are relatively long-lived [4], with the most stable one being Polonium-209 that undergoes radioactive disintegration… Continue reading Polonium
Thulium
What is Thulium Thulium (pronounced as Thoo-lee-em) [2] is a soft, silver-gray rare earth metal [3] belonging to the Lanthanides group and represented by the symbol Tm [1]. While its most abundant, naturally occurring isotope is 169Tm, it has 34 radioactive isotopes, out of which the most stable one is 171Tm with a half-life period… Continue reading Thulium
Oganesson
What is Oganesson Oganesson (pronunciation: oh-gan-ess-on) is a highly radioactive [2], artificially produced chemical element, classified as a non-metal, probably belonging to the group of noble gases [1, 3]. Represented by the symbol Og [3], Oganesson is a comparatively new element [4]. Since it is highly unstable, its atomic structure is quite difficult to study… Continue reading Oganesson
Dysprosium
Dysprosium (pronunciation: dis-PROH-zee-em) is a silvery rare earth metal classified as a lanthanide and represented by the atomic symbol Dy [1, 2]. It is composed of seven naturally occurring isotopes, out of which 164Dy is the most naturally abundant (with 28% abundance) [1]. Moreover, 29 radioactive isotopes have been produced, the most stable one being… Continue reading Dysprosium